Based on the content from the official website, I believe that Touch Player can only run on Windows or macOS platforms and does not support running on the Android platform.
Is there currently any solution that would allow me to run the Touch Player component on the Android platform while playing songs from a USB drive, so that the designed effects can be displayed?
No. You will need some device running Windows or MacOS for TouchDesigner. You can Stream the result to an android Device using a Network Video Stream but thats about it.
I use TouchDesigner on Windows to create my design, and then attempt to use TouchPlayer to run the completed project on an Android system, with audio input processed directly on the device. However, this doesn’t seem to be possible, correct?
Therefore, the only viable solution at the moment is to run TouchPlayer on Windows or macOS, and then stream or transfer the output video to the Android system for playback.
Your assesment is correct!